By

HARIRITHANYA. R

II B.Sc

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

BASIC THINGS ABOUT BIOCHEMISTRY

🔹 pH of gastric juice of  Infants is "5.0"
🔹 Average pH of urine is   "6.0"
🔹 "Osmosis" is opposite to  "Diffusion"
🔹 Protein bio synthesis has been studied by  "Nitrogen-15"
🔹  "98ml" of amount  internal secretion of water per day.
🔹 Haemoglobin formation needs both "Fe & Cu"
🔹 "60 to 70g" of Fe is  present in blood.
🔹 Soaps have "Lower" Osmotic pressure.
🔹 Absorption of fat is studied by using  "Iodine-131 Oleic acid"
🔹 There is no virtually "Calcium" in RBC.
🔹 Nucleolus was 1st recognized by "Fontana"
🔹 Non living structure of cell is "Cell wall"
🔹 Endoplasmic Reticulum Absent in "Prokaryotes"
🔹 Endoplasmic Reticulum was coined by "Portar"
🔹 Endoplasmic Reticulum was discovered from "Liver cells"
🔹 Ribosomes is develop  from "Nucleolus"
🔹 Lysosomes are absent in "RBC"
🔹 "300-400" Mitochondria  found RN renal cells.
🔹 Giant amoeba has "50,000" Mitochondria.
🔹 Nuclear matrix is  " Fibrous Complex"
🔹 Nuclear matrix is formed of "Acid proteins"
🔹 Largest Organelle of cell  is "Nucleus"
🔹 Term Nucleolus was coined by "Bowman"
🔹 Asafoetida is a"Gum Resin"
🔹 "Virus" don't have cell Structure.
🔹 Animal cells are without "Chloroplast"
🔹 Plant cells are generally without "Lysosomes"
🔹 pH of protoplasm is "6.5-7.5"
🔹 Proteins can be denatured by "Heat"
🔹 "Histones" are basic Proteins.
🔹 "Histidine" is basic  amino acid.
🔹 Amino acid insoluble in"Benzene"
🔹 "Ribose" sugar is found in RNA.
🔹 "Manitol" is a sugar alcohol.
🔹 "Sorbitol" is sweetest sugar.
🔹 "Sucrose" is nonreducing sugar.
🔹 "Glycosides" are found in many Drugs.
🔹 Ammonium ion to the Brain is "Toxic"
🔹 "Tyrosinosis" is a rareDisease.
🔹 99% of "Ca" present in Bones.
🔹 tRNA is a "soluble RNA"
🔹 Smallest RNA is "tRNA"
🔹 DNA does not occur in "Ribosomes"
🔹 Iodine test can detect " Carbohydrates"
🔹 Anticodon occurs in  "tRNA"
🔹 "Ascorbic acid" present in potatoes.

By

HARI RITHANYA. R

II B. Sc

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Congratulations

Campus placed Students in CPC Diagnostic PVT.Ltd., Chennai...

 

By

Dr. G. Saravanan

Associate Professor & Head

Department of Biochemistry

 

Purification Propensity for Proteins from Bacillus halodurans

The demand for proteins with special purposes increases significantly, for example, special proteins are in good need in development of sensitive, specific and reliable differential diagnostic assays. To meet such huge demand, proteins of interest can be expressed in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, like Escherichia coli, to produce recombinant proteins. However, this is not an easy task and is often costly. Purification of recombinant proteins from #plantbiomass currently accounts for almost 80% of production cost. A series of difficulties may be encountered in #purification. For instance, purified proteins from a host may accumulate in low titers and may be mixed with infection or form #proteinaggregates. Therefore a purification scheme usually includes many steps, such as affinity chromatography, precipitation, protecting of recombinant proteins from degradation with stabilizer, centrifugation and so on.

The Coming Age of Future Medicine: Next Frontier

The era of modern medicine is driven by recent advances in #bioanalytical and bioinformatics technologies and the novel insights into #humanbiology that are emerging through the application of these technologies. Physics and its discoveries have been at the forefront of medical diagnosis and treatment since the discovery of X-rays in 1895. Since then, #biologicalresearches have been renovating from a descriptive or phenomenological to a quantitative and predictive discipline by employing the physics covering possible degrees of freedom leading to changes in the way biological systems are understood. Rutherford’s elucidation of atomic structure had amalgamated physics, chemistry and biology to better understands nature.

By

Chandrasekharan

III B. Sc.,

Department of biochemistry

By
HARI RITHANYA. R
II B.Sc
DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Scariest drugs you have never heard of

1. SCOPOLAMINE:

* This drug causes AMNESIA and suggestibility.

* It is exploited by COLOMBIAN CRIMINAL GANGS for its exceptional properties which

Means that criminals on pretty much tell you to do anything they want

* Won’t remember it when they finally break free of SLEEP-LIKE STATE.

2. DIPT

*This drug is mostly SOUND based creating LOUD HIGH PITCHED NOISE which can drive you to MADNESS

              Naïve individuals who have been FOOLISH enough to even take this drug have reported

Ringing in the ears lasting up to 4WEEKS quite literally driving them GAZY.

SIDE EFFECT:

Psychology effects and pain in the ears is side effects of this drug

3. BROMO-DRAGONFLY:

*This is one of the most POTENT HALLU CINOGENS known to mad.

*It creates deep hallucinogenic episodes which can last up to 3 DAYS where 3WHOLE DAYS of having terrible NIGHT MARES.

*It results in several DEATHS due to mislabeling of RARE NARCOTIC

SIDE EFFECTS:

                   Vomiting Blood

4. DMHD:

* This drug mimics one of NATHURES SAFE PRODUCT (Marijuana)

* THC is a STRONG CHEMICAL that is only present in very SMALL AMOUNT IN marijuana

* It is particularly smart since it is actually isn’t capable of KILLING HUMANS, only leaving them GIGGLING hysterically.

5. YAGE:

Made from a blend of “AYAHUSA VINE” and a shrub named “CHACRUNA”

This creates most powerful hallucinogens to find “INNER SELVES”to  create vivid hallucinogenic episodes, they are usually so strong that they can results in the user literally LOSING THEIR MIND, going COMPLETELY GAZY.

SIDE EFFECTS:

                   Vomiting blood and diarrhea

6. KROKODIL:

*It is used as legitimate PAIN KILLER back since in 1932

*It was soon OUTLAWED due to its DANGEROUS REPERCUSSIONS on the body.

*It leaves them with an almost REPTILE-LIKE APPER.

*It leaves them with an almost REPTILE-LIKE APPER.

*It is a massive 5TIMES more

SIDE EFFECTS:

                   Dramatically drying out the user’s skin.

7. JENKEM:

*Made from FERMENTED HUMAN WASTE.

*It is popular in poor countries such as “ZAMBIA”

*It cause mild hallucinogenic trips and cause for the boom in popularity.

8. BENZO FURY:

*It is a “DESIGNER” drug which use legal loopholes to allow sales online completely legally.

*Manufacturers call it a “RESERCH DRUG” while the “GUINEAPIGS” seem to say it has similar effects to “MDMA” ecstasy.

*Now it is made ILLEGAL, TAKEN OFF, the main stream internet and BACK ON TO THE BLACKMARKET

9. FREON:

*Freon is a gas commonly found in AIR CONDITIONING units and FRIDGES.

*But some use it as a gas inhalent to experience mild hallucinogenic effects, DIZZINESS and UNCONSCIOUSNESS.

*In haling of this gas once can cause major BRAIN DAMAGE.

10. ETORPHINE:

*Everyone knows the tragic, brutal impact heroin has on HUMAN BODY and MIND

*It is 5000 times more powerful than the notorious narcotic which can ruin countless lives.

*1/100^th OF A GRAM can completely knock out AN ELEPHANT weighing 300KG

*This drug has never been abused by humans due to it’s incredibly potency.

*A MILLIGRAM of this stuff touching your skin you will be CLOD IN A MATTER OF MINUTES.

By

HARI RITHANYA.R

2^nd –B.Sc-BIOCHEMISTRY

Five Tips to Avoid Excess Body Fat Leading to Obesity

by Bidita Debnath on  December 11, 2016 at 10:42 PM Obesity News

Eating fast food has become an essential part of their life, owing to people's lifestyles. Most people are also tired to exercise because of the tight work schedules, ultimately leading to obesity. Try out five ways to avoid excess body fat, says an expert.

‘Get enough sleep on a daily basis as irregular bedtime and insufficient sleep lead to weight gain.’ Eat breakfast every day, it is the most important meal of a day.

Watch out for empty calories and take food which are low on sugar and fat content. It is important to get a balanced diet with fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains included in it.  Exercise daily for a minimum of 30 minutes as it helps to reduce body fat as well as protect one against chronic diseases associated with obesity like diabetes, heart disease. It will also help to decrease stress and high blood pressure. Exercising is good to decrease fat around the waist and total body fat which will slow the development of abdominal obesity.

Get enough sleep on a daily basis as irregular bedtime and insufficient sleep lead to weight gain. Sleep-deprived people may be too tired to exercise, decreasing the "calories burned" side of the weight-change equation.

Consult a specialist if overweight and don't be afraid to ask for help.

Running Reduces Inflammation in Knee Joints

by Shirley Johanna on  December 12, 2016 at 10:12 AM Research News

Running reduces inflammation in knee joints and slows the process that leads to osteoarthritis, finds a new study.

This idea that long-distance running is bad for your knees might be a myth," said study co-author Matt Seeley, Associate Professor of exercise science at Brigham Young University in Utah, US.

‘Running for 30 minutes decreased both GM-CSF and IL-15 in the synovial fluid, thereby lowering the inflammatory response.’

In the study published in the European Journal of Applied Physiology, the researchers measured inflammation markers in the knee joint fluid of several healthy men and women aged 18-35, both before and after running.

The researchers found that the specific markers they were looking for in the extracted synovial fluid -- two cytokines named GM-CSF and IL-15 -- decreased in concentration in the participants after 30 minutes of running.

When the same fluids were extracted before and after a non-running condition, the inflammation markers stayed at similar levels. "What we now know is that for young, healthy individuals, exercise creates an anti-inflammatory environment that may be beneficial in terms of long-term joint health," said study lead author Robert Hyldahl from Brigham Young University.

Hyldahl added the study results indicate running is chondroprotective, which means exercise may help delay the onset of joint degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis.

By

Dr. A. Praveena

Assistant Professor

Department of Biochemistry

New Strategy for Treating Bladder Cancers

by Dr. Meenakshy Varier on  December 12, 2016 at 6:40 PM

Highlights

• More than 90% of all bladder cancers are deficient in an enzyme Argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1).
• Bladder cancer patients with deficient ASS1 expression , had lower survival rates.>/li>
• Treatment with arginine-degrading enzyme ADI-PEG 20 arrested tumor cell growth in ASS1-deficient cells.

In a new therapeutic approach to bladder cancer, treatment with the arginine-degrading enzyme ADI-PEG 20 inhibited tumor growth in Argininosuccinate synthetase 1 or ASS1-deficient cells both in vivo and in vitro.

Argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) is an enzyme which is necessary for arginine synthesis.

‘Arginine dependency in bladder cancer may be a useful mechanism to selectively target a subset of these cancers using arginine-degrading enzyme or ADI-PEG 20.’

Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that is synthesized from citrulline in two steps of the urea cycle. First step involves the conversion of citrulline and aspartate to argininosuccinate via the enzyme ASS1. The argininosuccinate is then converted to arginine and fumarate.

Arginase and arginine deiminase (ADI) are arginine-degrading enzymes. ADI-PEG 20 is a commercial formulation of arginine deiminase (ADI). It has a longer pharmacokinetic half-life.

Patients with tumors having low ASS1 expression have shorter survival. More than 90% of all bladder cancers are deficient in ASS1 and with few treatment options available to patients with advanced bladder cancer, researchers are looking for novel molecular targets.

"There is a major unmet need to identify additional therapies for bladder cancer patients that includes agents that can target both conventional urothelial carcinoma and less common subtypes of bladder cancer. Our findings suggest that arginine dependency in bladder cancer may be a useful mechanism to selectively target a subset of these cancers using ADI-PEG 20, although further investigation into the mediators of this effect and the role of combination therapy, including chemotherapy, to enhance efficacy is required," explained lead investigator Donna Hansel, MD, PhD, Professor of Pathology, University of California at San Diego (CA).

Normal urothelium demonstrated robust ASS1 expression throughout its full thickness. Researchers found this using immunohistochemistry on tissue specimens taken from 252 patients who had undergone surgery for muscle-invasive bladder cancer over a 20-year period.

Significant reductions in ASSI expressions were seen in majority of samples with urothelial carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

"This finding suggests that these three major subtypes of bladder cancer, which account for more than 90% of all bladder cancers, may potentially respond to arginine-degrading therapy such as ADI-PEG 20," noted Dr. Hansel.

The researchers found that in comparison to bladder cancer patients with high ASS1 expression, the survival was significantly lower in patients having tumors with low ASS1 expression. The researchers tested the effects of therapy with ADI-PEG 20, on cells that were deficient in ASS1 and in cells that expressed ASS1. They found that ADI-PEG 20 decreased colony formation and reduced cell viability only in cells deficient in ASS1 but had little or no effect on other cells.

In vivo testing, mice were injected with ASS1-deficient cells into subcutaneous tissue in the left flank and ASS1-expressor cells into the right flank, to test the effects of ADI-PEG 20 . The result showed that ADI-PEG 20 arrested tumor growth only in tissue containing ASS1-deficient cells.

The effect of ADI-PEG 20 is currently being evaluated in a Phase III trial for hepatocellular carcinoma and is being assessed for other cancers including melanoma and mesothelioma. "Our results suggest that arginine deprivation may be a useful strategy for treating bladder cancer and show that ADI-PEG 20 functions through a novel signaling mechanism that includes the pathway mediated by the general control nonderepressible 2 kinase that controls autophagy and apoptosis," commented Dr. Hansel.

The study is published in The American Journal of Pathology.

Reference

1. Donna Hansel et al. Argininosuccinate Synthetase 1 Loss in Invasive Bladder Cancer Regulates Survival through General Control Nonderepressible 2 Kinase-Mediated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α Activity and Is Targetable by Pegylated Arginine Deiminase. The American Journal of Pathology; (2017) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.004.

By 

Dr. A. Praveena

Assistant Professor

Department of Biochemistry

 

By

M. Kulandhaivel

I M.Sc.,

Department of Biochemistry

Orcadian Population Investigating the Relationship between Human Plasma N-glycans and Metabolic Syndrome

Glycosylation refers to the enzymatic post-translational modification in which the addition of complex oligosaccharide molecules (glycans) enriches protein complexity and functional diversity. Glycans have a broad spectrum of biological roles, including their influence on protein folding, cell signaling and immune function. Alongside the genome and proteome, the human glycome is subject to immense variation.

Protein Markers Associated with an ALDH Sub-Population in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Although almost 70% of patients can be operated on with intent to cure, up to 30% of all these patients will relapse within 2-3 years. Survival rates for colon cancer have steadily improved mainly due to a combination of earlier diagnosis and improvements in treatment. Nevertheless, an improved understanding of the protein signaling pathways could provide new biomarkers for potential targets of therapeutic and surgical intervention.
By
Chandrasekaran
Final year biochemistry